The growing level of consumer debt in the U.S. is creating a drag on the economy.
All over the world, people are keeping fingers crossed that the $700 billion financial system bailout works the way it is supposed to and eases the worsening global credit crunch and restores confidence in the markets. But while the government has been focusing its attention on worldwide fallout from the mortgage debacle and the Wall Street greed, another storm is gathering on the horizon.
With all that’s happened since, it’s easy to forget that back in August 2008 the U.S. Treasury Department stepped in to take the reins of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two government-sponsored home loan banks. With the country facing more than $12 trillion in residential mortgage loans, no one wanted to stand by while Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac goes broke.
But who is watching as the rest of the country goes broke? The U.S. is quickly moving toward the next financial credit crisis—this one involves credit cards, and it could be a problem facing millions of Americans, not just over-reaching homeowners who are facing foreclosure.
Charging the basic necessities
Consumer spending has kept the U.S. economy growing for the last two decades. In addition to shopping for homes they didn’t actually quality for, consumers used their credit cards and revolving credit accounts to rack up more than $2 trillion in household debt. Where they once indulged in high-ticket items like electronics, plasma TVs, autos, and appliances, today they’re forced to scale back and spend more and more on the basic necessities.
When cash-strapped families have a hard time making ends meet because of rising prices, they rely on their only alternative—credit. Consumers are pushing the upper limits on their credit cards in order to pay bills, feed their families, and gas up the car. Some even use their cards to pay their mortgages, and that spells disaster.
The lending industry, now barred from aggressively issuing sub-prime mortgages, has turned its attention to marketing credit cards with high fees, over-blown interest rates, and complex terms hidden in the fine print or written in obscure language. Unwary consumers are setting themselves up for future defaults, and doing it in record numbers.
Dug In Deep
Debt and delinquencies on the rise
Credit card borrowing grew at an annual rate of 4.8 percent in July 2008, up from a growth rate of 3.5 percent in June. But while the volume of credit card purchases continues to rise, on-time monthly payments are falling.
The percentage of people who were delinquent on their credit card payments rose slightly in the second quarter from the same time last year, while average debt per borrower jumped 8.6 percent, according to credit reporting agency TransUnion LLC.
For the quarter ended June 30, 1.04 percent of credit card holders were delinquent at least 90 days on one or more of their cards. That compares with 0.91 percent for the second quarter of 2007, although it did represent a decline from 1.19 percent in the first quarter of 2008.
The decline from the first quarter to the second quarter likely reflected tax refunds and economic stimulus checks. Since delinquency rates tend to be seasonal, they usually go down in the second quarter.
Late fees and sky-high interest rates—some as high as 24 percent or more—keep accumulating and threaten to keep the economy sluggish. Every dollar that goes toward paying fees and interest on credit card balances is a dollar that can’t be spent at the grocers, the hardware store or Starbucks.
How did shopping on credit get so out of control?
Technology has made it impossible to escape the temptation to whip out those credit cards. Television commercials like Visa’s “Life Takes Visa; don’t let cash slow you down,” suggests that cash is out of date. With e-commerce, retailers are now open 24/7. Home shopping networks and catalog 800-numbers let your fingers do the shopping.
Credit card companies market to our most basic instincts and appeal to the herd mentality that suggests, “If everyone else is doing it, it must be OK.” And if mere suggestions offered through television commercials don’t do the trick, there’s always the direct approach—an estimated six billion credit card offers hit the mail annually.
Debt and the job market
Consumers have been on a fast moving shopping spree that’s about to grind to a halt. Wages are not keeping up with inflation and too many jobs are going by the wayside.
Higher prices and rising jobless rates are inextricably linked to loan defaults and credit card delinquencies. The U.S. Labor Department reported that unemployment rose from 5.7 percent in July to 6.1 percent in August—a five-year high. Employers slashed 84,000 jobs in August, the eighth straight month of declines, with a total of 605,000 lost jobs for the year.
It’s a vicious cycle. Employers get worried about the economy and their own profit margins and start cutting the workforce. More people have less disposable income and are unable to pay their bills, which leads to more mortgage defaults, more credit card delinquencies, less consumer confidence, and on and on.
But the worst is yet to come. There is a lag between the time someone loses a job and when mortgage loans default or credit card delinquencies appear, so we might just be seeing the tip of the iceberg. Moody’s predicts household credit conditions will continue to weaken through the remainder of the decade, with another 5 million homeowners at significant risk of default.
The Looming Catastrophe
Banks and lenders getting squeezed
Banks, already weighed down with defaulted loans, could face even more troubled mortgages on their books, as well as unpaid credit card debt. Credit card companies like Visa and MasterCard bear relatively little risk for defaults and other payment problems. It’s the banks issuing the cards that assume responsibility for the debt.
Failures are expected to reach such a high level that the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), the Washington-based agency that insures deposits at U.S. banks, may not be able to insure all deposits—even with protection extended from $100,000 to $250,000 per account under the bipartisan rescue plan now in place. They already raised the number of “problem” banks to 117 in June, up from 90 at the end of March. Ten banks closed down in 2008, the fastest pace in bank closures in fourteen years.
Even before the Treasury Department’s takeover of Fannie and Freddie, the two mortgage giants that own or guarantee around $5 trillion, or roughly half of the U.S. home loans, had been on a less than solid financial footing. The more mortgage default rates escalated, the more their capital base eroded.
The government’s $700 billion rescue plan may help curb further deterioration in the markets, or ease the credit crunch affecting banks and major corporations, but not much is being done to ease other credit troubles. The big question: Will growing consumer debt lead to another round of massive losses and write-downs at banks and other financial institutions in the coming months?
Under the radar: Packaged credit card debt
Very little attention has been paid to the fact that, similar to mortgage-backed securities, credit card debt is packaged and sold to investors. The inevitable defaults could lead to big losses, not just for the credit card lenders, but also for pension funds and other institutional investors who are buying the debt.
The securitized debt backed by credit card receivables is a $915 billion industry. Increased defaults could unravel the whole game, just as delinquencies in the housing market brought down the $900 billion in mortgaged-backed securities.
Does this add up to an inevitable recession? You will get as many answers as the number of politicians and economists you ask. (As the joke goes, if you laid all the economists in the world end-to-end…they still could not reach a conclusion.)
Consumer debt going global
While we as nation seem only vaguely aware of this looming credit catastrophe, MasterCard has already set its sights on duplicating its U.S. business model internationally. Poised to take advantage of new and growing access to credit in countries like Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Russia, India and China, the credit card giant is anticipating a projected revenue growth rate of 39 percent.
Easy access to credit may be a compelling, albeit temporary, method to jump-start an emerging economy. It paints a rosy picture and offers promises of better living. But unless the populace of these countries is warned to use credit cards with discretion, shoppers globally will surely be lured into the same mistakes U.S. consumers make — and quickly become saddled with the same kind of debt.
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